| Yongey Peace Prevails Center 7714 W. Catalina Drive Phoenix, AZ 85033 |
| Under the guidance of Yongey Mingyur Rinpoche |
The Four Noble Truths
by Yongey Mingyur Rinpoche
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One of the most fundamental teachings of the Buddha is the Four Noble Truths. In fact, these Four Noble
Truths constitute the main theme within which all of the Buddhist teachings can be understood to fit.
First is the truth of suffering. Second is the origin, or source, of suffering. The third is the truth of the
cessation of suffering. And the fourth is the truth of the spiritual path that leads to the cessation of
suffering.
We could think of the Four Noble Truths by way of the following analogy. The truth of suffering is like a
disease. The truth of the origin ,or source, of suffering is like identifying the causes of the disease. The
truth of the cessation of suffering is analogous to the state of health or wellbeing when the disease has
been cured. And the truth of the path that leads to the cessation of suffering is analogous to the medicine
a person takes to become cured.
In terms of daily spiritual practice, the truth of suffering concerns what we need to recognize to be the
case. The truth of the origin of suffering concerns what we need to eliminate. The truth of the cessation of
suffering concerns what we need to attain. And the truth of the path concerns what we need to rely upon
in order to bring that about.
Using the analogy of being sick with a disease, you have to recognize that you are sick to begin with
before you can take any steps towards health. This is the stage of recognition or understanding of what
has already gone wrong. If a person lets months go by and doesn't pay attention to the fact that he or she
is not feeling very well it could very well be that a disease is developing which is not being dealt with.
That person may not be facing up to the fact of illness.
However, if we have first recognized that we are sick and want to become healthy, to cure ourselves, we
need to understand what the causes underlying that sickness are, because if we don't identify them we
won't get any better. And that's analogous to the second truth, the truth of the source or origin of
suffering whereby you understand what it is you need to eliminate, so that the cause does not give rise to
the result, which is suffering.
Now, let's imagine that there is a leak in the roof of this building. It starts raining and here we are
watching the rain dripping through the roof onto the floor, drop by drop, so that the lovely floor here is
being filled with a bigger and bigger puddle of water. We would probably rush to mop up the water with
a towel. But if we just keep mopping up the water as it drips through the roof, we won't really solve the
problem, will we? If we don't look up at the ceiling and find out where the water is coming from, the rain
will continue to drip onto the floor and we will be continuously mopping it up. We have to recognize the
source of the leak, don't we? The point here is that if we want to be free from suffering we have to
accurately identify the source of suffering.
The Mountain Lion and
H. H. the Dali Lama in the Wax Museum
I'll give you another example. Suppose I was going to leave the room through that [curtained] doorway
and behind the curtain there was a large mountain lion that looks as if it could potentially attack and
kill a human being. But it's a stuffed animal. I don't know that it's stuffed and I don't know that it's there,
but behind the curtain there's a stuffed mountain lion and I'm going to go out through that curtain to
leave the room. And because I don't know that there's anything there I'm quite cheerfully leaving the
room humming a little song. And as soon as I get outside and see what's there I'm startled because I see
the seemingly ferocious beast waiting to pounce on me. Because I don't know it's a stuffed mountain lion,
I'd have the same kind of fear as if I'd met a live mountain lion. I'd have the same reaction in the
immediate moment of seeing that stuffed animal. But if I had known that there was something harmless
out there to begin with I would just laugh -- it wouldn't hold the same kind of fear for me because of my
previous knowledge about its nature. And the more stuffed mountain lions that were put there to try
and make it even more threatening to me would only increase my certainty and fearlessness about the
fact that there was nothing at all to be afraid of.
Let me tell you another story. I once went to a wax museum where there are mannequins that look very
real, like real people. There was a wax figure of H. H. the Dalai Lama in this particular wax museum. I
was very impressed. It looked just like His Holiness. I was standing there marveling at how realistic this
wax figure of His Holiness was when a couple came into the room, pointing at the wax figures, chatting
away, and taking pictures. Suddenly the woman came and stood next to me and said to her companion:
"Take a picture of me."
I thought to myself: What's this all about? It sort of made me chuckle that she wanted her picture taken
in this way. So I turned to her and smiled. She immediately shouted:" Ahhh!" and jumped away from
me. Her companion was standing there holding the camera with his mouth open. So obviously they
mistook me for one of these wax figures.
This story relates to the matter of recognition and identification that is associated with the first two of
these Four Noble Truths: the truth of suffering and the truth of the source of suffering. The whole point of
identifying the truth of suffering as such is to become free of that suffering - through identifying it and
then eliminating its causes. That's the whole point of that level of practice. And with that kind of
recognition and that kind of practice we can save ourselves an enormous amount of trouble. A lot of the
problems and complications we face in life are quite meaningless because they don't need to happen in
the first place. And so we can free ourselves from so much of that just by recognizing the truth of
suffering for what it is and practicing in order to eliminate its causes.
The Four Contemplations that Turn the Mind
Now, the ordinary preliminary practices, the four contemplations that turn the mind, are to a great
degree concerned with recognizing and identifying the truth of suffering and the truth of the source of
suffering. These contemplations help us direct our mind away from activities that lead to suffering and
toward activities that help us become free from suffering.
This Precious Human Birth
The first contemplation which turns the mind away from concerns and activities that lead to suffering is
reflection on this precious human birth "….endowed with every freedom and asset. It is difficult to get
and can be easily destroyed, so now is the time to make it meaningful." The main point here is that this
human birth provides us with an optimal opportunity to become free from suffering. But we have to
recognize this and understand what we need to do to achieve that freedom.
The cause for obtaining a precious human birth is abandoning negative activity and accumulating
positive activity. Having achieved this precious human birth, what then are we free from?
We are free from eight types of negative rebirth or negative states: being born as a hell being, as a
hungry ghost, as an animal, as a barbarian, as a long living god, as a person with wrong views or
ignorance, or being born at the time when Buddha's teachings are not present. If the Buddha's teachings
are not present or obtainable, then one is unable to learn the practices that lead to liberation. And then
being born deaf or mute, one can't understand the teaching. To be free means freedom from these eight
states that entail extreme suffering either in this life or future lives.
The Buddha also said that the human being has power. In the Indian language the name for Buddha is
perusal. In English that means "powerful one, strong one, young one."So, we are all like precious jewels.
We need to engender a joy of recognition that we have a precious body or opportunity which is like a
wish fulfilling jewel that is very difficult to obtain.
Grasping as the Cause of Suffering
In our minds we experience many kinds of suffering, not only from this life, but from previous lives, with
the likelihood of considerable future suffering. And the main cause of suffering, the second Noble Truth,
is grasping. So if we have a method to overcome or change grasping, we are able to turn the mind away
from the grasping that causes suffering.
So, how does grasping manifest in one's mind? When we grasp to external objects we have an idea or
misconception that the happiness or the suffering that results from them are within the external objects.
We hold the external objects to be the source of happiness. But this is not really the case. The object is not
the source of happiness or suffering. The objects themselves are impermanent, a result of causes and
conditions. The reality that is perceived by the grasping mind does not correspond to the reality of the
objects, as such.
Impermanence
A powerful remedy for grasping or fixation on objects as the source of happiness and unhappiness is
meditation on impermanence, the second contemplation that turns the mind. There are two types of
impermanence, subtle and gross, which can be demonstrated in the following way. Let's look at this cup I
am holding now. Is the cup I'm holding now the same cup as the one I used earlier in the day? We tend to
perceive it as the same cup, right? That's the subtle grasping to permanence, the erroneous perception
that the cup has inherent self nature. But it's really not the same cup. It has been changing all the time,
with the passage of time. That is subtle moment to moment impermanence.
An example of coarse grasping to permanence would be: "This really is a cup - I like it, I want it!" And
because of the typically greater intensity of coarse grasping there is usually greater suffering involved.
As beginners we can't hope to eliminate all of the grasping to permanence straight away. That's fine. The
most important thing is to recognise the grasping. Simple recognition is very beneficial. As we continue
to practice and also experience some understanding of emptiness, grasping can be pacified and
eliminated.
Karma: Cause and Effect
The third contemplation that turns the mind is that of examining the consequences of our actions. The
Buddha taught that, in general, all phenomena are interdependent. Our physical body and the external
world all arise in one's own mind. One's body, one's mind, the external phenomena of the world are all
interdependent with each other. Karma, or causes and conditions with the attendant consequences
accumulate because of this interdependence.
For example, when you plant rice or some other crop in a field, there are many conditions and
requirements to have a successful yield.
First we need earth, then moisture, adequate warmth, air and seed. We also require the absence of
creatures who might eat the seed. We need time for the crop to grow and we need the farmer who plants
the seed. If you gather all the causes together the appropriate combination and context, you will obtain a
positive result. Each of these different variables is interdependent with the others. If you don't have
earth, for example, the seed cannot be planted. If you don't have air, the seed won't grow. If there is no
moisture it won't sprout. The fruition of the plant or flower is related to the causes; it is interdependent
with the causes. Because of the causes, you get the fruit.
As far as we are concerned, activities that are based on negative mind states or intentions will result in
suffering. If one accumulates negative actions, the result will not be happiness, it will be suffering. If you
plant corn, you will not get a bean as a result. Likewise, positive intentions and actions yield positive
results.
Samsaric Suffering
The fourth thought that turns the mind is samsaric suffering. What is samsara? Within samsara are the
six realms of beings. The three lower realms include beings in the hell realms, hungry ghosts and
animals. Then we have what is called the three higher realms of humans, demi-gods and gods. So when
we talk about samsara we are referring to these six realms of beings.
However, the Buddha taught that all the six realms of beings are actually projections of one's own mind.
In the ultimate sense the six realms of beings do not really exist. But because of the relative truth based
on interdependence, they appear. How do the six realms of beings arise? They arise from the six poisons
that are in our mind. And the six poisons within our own mind, through interdependence, manifest
outwardly as the six realms. Contemplating the suffering in these realms helps turn our minds toward
the dharma which can free us from suffering.
Emptiness
Let's go back to the mountain lion behind the curtain scenario. Suppose it weren't a stuffed mountain lion
but a live one behind the curtain. How would that change the picture? Imagine this: it's not just a stuffed
animal any more, there's no point in pretending there's no problem - there is! What do you do now? Run
away?
My point is that if there really were a mountain lion behind the curtain, and not a stuffed mountain
lion, the way we dealt with the situation in the first example with the stuffed lion wouldn't work this
time. You would need to apply greater intelligence and a different way of dealing with that new
situation. By analogy, that further intelligence is what we develop when we understand and experience
shunyata, emptiness and the nature of mind. That level of practice is a step further than what we
referred to in the first case. When you have developed the view of emptiness and the experience of the
very nature of mind and have brought it to its consummation then you can deal with the more real
mountain lion, so to speak. You will be able to deal directly with the causes of suffering. They will hold no
fear for you, no threat. You will be able to fearlessly proceed along the path and utilize the means that
lead to the cessation of suffering.
Take the example of Milarepa. Fire couldn't burn him, water couldn't drown him. From his own
perspective, he was beyond birth and death. Why? Because fire, which is emptiness by its very nature,
could not harm Milarepa who was emptiness itself. Emptiness couldn't harm emptiness.
The process of birth and the process of death all take place only within the context of the state of
confusion. From the point of view of the ultimate nature of emptiness, birth and death are not
inherently existent. So, from the perspective of one who has realized emptiness, that individual's
perception is no longer involved in the process of birth and death. Thus, we read accounts of Milarepa
seeming to die in one area while someone else is receiving a teaching from him in another place. Or of
Milarepa having already "died" and his corpse having been placed on the funeral pyre and set alight
when his disciple Rechungpa comes late to the funeral and Milarepa sits up in the flames and sings a song
of instruction to him. How can we account for these kinds of occurrences without understanding them
from the point of view of the realization of emptiness?
It can bee seen here that the truth of the cessation of suffering ties in very directly with the realization of
emptiness. In the ultimate sense, the truth of the cessation of suffering concerns the experience of the
very nature of mind itself - the ultimate nature of mind. And the means to bring about that realization
constitutes the fourth Noble Truth - the truth of the path. And so there's a structure here. The Four
Noble Truths are interrelated and tie in with one another. They are not separate from one another, but
are intimately connected. This is why the Four Noble Truths provide a foundation for Buddhist practice
and liberation.
Truths constitute the main theme within which all of the Buddhist teachings can be understood to fit.
First is the truth of suffering. Second is the origin, or source, of suffering. The third is the truth of the
cessation of suffering. And the fourth is the truth of the spiritual path that leads to the cessation of
suffering.
We could think of the Four Noble Truths by way of the following analogy. The truth of suffering is like a
disease. The truth of the origin ,or source, of suffering is like identifying the causes of the disease. The
truth of the cessation of suffering is analogous to the state of health or wellbeing when the disease has
been cured. And the truth of the path that leads to the cessation of suffering is analogous to the medicine
a person takes to become cured.
In terms of daily spiritual practice, the truth of suffering concerns what we need to recognize to be the
case. The truth of the origin of suffering concerns what we need to eliminate. The truth of the cessation of
suffering concerns what we need to attain. And the truth of the path concerns what we need to rely upon
in order to bring that about.
Using the analogy of being sick with a disease, you have to recognize that you are sick to begin with
before you can take any steps towards health. This is the stage of recognition or understanding of what
has already gone wrong. If a person lets months go by and doesn't pay attention to the fact that he or she
is not feeling very well it could very well be that a disease is developing which is not being dealt with.
That person may not be facing up to the fact of illness.
However, if we have first recognized that we are sick and want to become healthy, to cure ourselves, we
need to understand what the causes underlying that sickness are, because if we don't identify them we
won't get any better. And that's analogous to the second truth, the truth of the source or origin of
suffering whereby you understand what it is you need to eliminate, so that the cause does not give rise to
the result, which is suffering.
Now, let's imagine that there is a leak in the roof of this building. It starts raining and here we are
watching the rain dripping through the roof onto the floor, drop by drop, so that the lovely floor here is
being filled with a bigger and bigger puddle of water. We would probably rush to mop up the water with
a towel. But if we just keep mopping up the water as it drips through the roof, we won't really solve the
problem, will we? If we don't look up at the ceiling and find out where the water is coming from, the rain
will continue to drip onto the floor and we will be continuously mopping it up. We have to recognize the
source of the leak, don't we? The point here is that if we want to be free from suffering we have to
accurately identify the source of suffering.
The Mountain Lion and
H. H. the Dali Lama in the Wax Museum
I'll give you another example. Suppose I was going to leave the room through that [curtained] doorway
and behind the curtain there was a large mountain lion that looks as if it could potentially attack and
kill a human being. But it's a stuffed animal. I don't know that it's stuffed and I don't know that it's there,
but behind the curtain there's a stuffed mountain lion and I'm going to go out through that curtain to
leave the room. And because I don't know that there's anything there I'm quite cheerfully leaving the
room humming a little song. And as soon as I get outside and see what's there I'm startled because I see
the seemingly ferocious beast waiting to pounce on me. Because I don't know it's a stuffed mountain lion,
I'd have the same kind of fear as if I'd met a live mountain lion. I'd have the same reaction in the
immediate moment of seeing that stuffed animal. But if I had known that there was something harmless
out there to begin with I would just laugh -- it wouldn't hold the same kind of fear for me because of my
previous knowledge about its nature. And the more stuffed mountain lions that were put there to try
and make it even more threatening to me would only increase my certainty and fearlessness about the
fact that there was nothing at all to be afraid of.
Let me tell you another story. I once went to a wax museum where there are mannequins that look very
real, like real people. There was a wax figure of H. H. the Dalai Lama in this particular wax museum. I
was very impressed. It looked just like His Holiness. I was standing there marveling at how realistic this
wax figure of His Holiness was when a couple came into the room, pointing at the wax figures, chatting
away, and taking pictures. Suddenly the woman came and stood next to me and said to her companion:
"Take a picture of me."
I thought to myself: What's this all about? It sort of made me chuckle that she wanted her picture taken
in this way. So I turned to her and smiled. She immediately shouted:" Ahhh!" and jumped away from
me. Her companion was standing there holding the camera with his mouth open. So obviously they
mistook me for one of these wax figures.
This story relates to the matter of recognition and identification that is associated with the first two of
these Four Noble Truths: the truth of suffering and the truth of the source of suffering. The whole point of
identifying the truth of suffering as such is to become free of that suffering - through identifying it and
then eliminating its causes. That's the whole point of that level of practice. And with that kind of
recognition and that kind of practice we can save ourselves an enormous amount of trouble. A lot of the
problems and complications we face in life are quite meaningless because they don't need to happen in
the first place. And so we can free ourselves from so much of that just by recognizing the truth of
suffering for what it is and practicing in order to eliminate its causes.
The Four Contemplations that Turn the Mind
Now, the ordinary preliminary practices, the four contemplations that turn the mind, are to a great
degree concerned with recognizing and identifying the truth of suffering and the truth of the source of
suffering. These contemplations help us direct our mind away from activities that lead to suffering and
toward activities that help us become free from suffering.
This Precious Human Birth
The first contemplation which turns the mind away from concerns and activities that lead to suffering is
reflection on this precious human birth "….endowed with every freedom and asset. It is difficult to get
and can be easily destroyed, so now is the time to make it meaningful." The main point here is that this
human birth provides us with an optimal opportunity to become free from suffering. But we have to
recognize this and understand what we need to do to achieve that freedom.
The cause for obtaining a precious human birth is abandoning negative activity and accumulating
positive activity. Having achieved this precious human birth, what then are we free from?
We are free from eight types of negative rebirth or negative states: being born as a hell being, as a
hungry ghost, as an animal, as a barbarian, as a long living god, as a person with wrong views or
ignorance, or being born at the time when Buddha's teachings are not present. If the Buddha's teachings
are not present or obtainable, then one is unable to learn the practices that lead to liberation. And then
being born deaf or mute, one can't understand the teaching. To be free means freedom from these eight
states that entail extreme suffering either in this life or future lives.
The Buddha also said that the human being has power. In the Indian language the name for Buddha is
perusal. In English that means "powerful one, strong one, young one."So, we are all like precious jewels.
We need to engender a joy of recognition that we have a precious body or opportunity which is like a
wish fulfilling jewel that is very difficult to obtain.
Grasping as the Cause of Suffering
In our minds we experience many kinds of suffering, not only from this life, but from previous lives, with
the likelihood of considerable future suffering. And the main cause of suffering, the second Noble Truth,
is grasping. So if we have a method to overcome or change grasping, we are able to turn the mind away
from the grasping that causes suffering.
So, how does grasping manifest in one's mind? When we grasp to external objects we have an idea or
misconception that the happiness or the suffering that results from them are within the external objects.
We hold the external objects to be the source of happiness. But this is not really the case. The object is not
the source of happiness or suffering. The objects themselves are impermanent, a result of causes and
conditions. The reality that is perceived by the grasping mind does not correspond to the reality of the
objects, as such.
Impermanence
A powerful remedy for grasping or fixation on objects as the source of happiness and unhappiness is
meditation on impermanence, the second contemplation that turns the mind. There are two types of
impermanence, subtle and gross, which can be demonstrated in the following way. Let's look at this cup I
am holding now. Is the cup I'm holding now the same cup as the one I used earlier in the day? We tend to
perceive it as the same cup, right? That's the subtle grasping to permanence, the erroneous perception
that the cup has inherent self nature. But it's really not the same cup. It has been changing all the time,
with the passage of time. That is subtle moment to moment impermanence.
An example of coarse grasping to permanence would be: "This really is a cup - I like it, I want it!" And
because of the typically greater intensity of coarse grasping there is usually greater suffering involved.
As beginners we can't hope to eliminate all of the grasping to permanence straight away. That's fine. The
most important thing is to recognise the grasping. Simple recognition is very beneficial. As we continue
to practice and also experience some understanding of emptiness, grasping can be pacified and
eliminated.
Karma: Cause and Effect
The third contemplation that turns the mind is that of examining the consequences of our actions. The
Buddha taught that, in general, all phenomena are interdependent. Our physical body and the external
world all arise in one's own mind. One's body, one's mind, the external phenomena of the world are all
interdependent with each other. Karma, or causes and conditions with the attendant consequences
accumulate because of this interdependence.
For example, when you plant rice or some other crop in a field, there are many conditions and
requirements to have a successful yield.
First we need earth, then moisture, adequate warmth, air and seed. We also require the absence of
creatures who might eat the seed. We need time for the crop to grow and we need the farmer who plants
the seed. If you gather all the causes together the appropriate combination and context, you will obtain a
positive result. Each of these different variables is interdependent with the others. If you don't have
earth, for example, the seed cannot be planted. If you don't have air, the seed won't grow. If there is no
moisture it won't sprout. The fruition of the plant or flower is related to the causes; it is interdependent
with the causes. Because of the causes, you get the fruit.
As far as we are concerned, activities that are based on negative mind states or intentions will result in
suffering. If one accumulates negative actions, the result will not be happiness, it will be suffering. If you
plant corn, you will not get a bean as a result. Likewise, positive intentions and actions yield positive
results.
Samsaric Suffering
The fourth thought that turns the mind is samsaric suffering. What is samsara? Within samsara are the
six realms of beings. The three lower realms include beings in the hell realms, hungry ghosts and
animals. Then we have what is called the three higher realms of humans, demi-gods and gods. So when
we talk about samsara we are referring to these six realms of beings.
However, the Buddha taught that all the six realms of beings are actually projections of one's own mind.
In the ultimate sense the six realms of beings do not really exist. But because of the relative truth based
on interdependence, they appear. How do the six realms of beings arise? They arise from the six poisons
that are in our mind. And the six poisons within our own mind, through interdependence, manifest
outwardly as the six realms. Contemplating the suffering in these realms helps turn our minds toward
the dharma which can free us from suffering.
Emptiness
Let's go back to the mountain lion behind the curtain scenario. Suppose it weren't a stuffed mountain lion
but a live one behind the curtain. How would that change the picture? Imagine this: it's not just a stuffed
animal any more, there's no point in pretending there's no problem - there is! What do you do now? Run
away?
My point is that if there really were a mountain lion behind the curtain, and not a stuffed mountain
lion, the way we dealt with the situation in the first example with the stuffed lion wouldn't work this
time. You would need to apply greater intelligence and a different way of dealing with that new
situation. By analogy, that further intelligence is what we develop when we understand and experience
shunyata, emptiness and the nature of mind. That level of practice is a step further than what we
referred to in the first case. When you have developed the view of emptiness and the experience of the
very nature of mind and have brought it to its consummation then you can deal with the more real
mountain lion, so to speak. You will be able to deal directly with the causes of suffering. They will hold no
fear for you, no threat. You will be able to fearlessly proceed along the path and utilize the means that
lead to the cessation of suffering.
Take the example of Milarepa. Fire couldn't burn him, water couldn't drown him. From his own
perspective, he was beyond birth and death. Why? Because fire, which is emptiness by its very nature,
could not harm Milarepa who was emptiness itself. Emptiness couldn't harm emptiness.
The process of birth and the process of death all take place only within the context of the state of
confusion. From the point of view of the ultimate nature of emptiness, birth and death are not
inherently existent. So, from the perspective of one who has realized emptiness, that individual's
perception is no longer involved in the process of birth and death. Thus, we read accounts of Milarepa
seeming to die in one area while someone else is receiving a teaching from him in another place. Or of
Milarepa having already "died" and his corpse having been placed on the funeral pyre and set alight
when his disciple Rechungpa comes late to the funeral and Milarepa sits up in the flames and sings a song
of instruction to him. How can we account for these kinds of occurrences without understanding them
from the point of view of the realization of emptiness?
It can bee seen here that the truth of the cessation of suffering ties in very directly with the realization of
emptiness. In the ultimate sense, the truth of the cessation of suffering concerns the experience of the
very nature of mind itself - the ultimate nature of mind. And the means to bring about that realization
constitutes the fourth Noble Truth - the truth of the path. And so there's a structure here. The Four
Noble Truths are interrelated and tie in with one another. They are not separate from one another, but
are intimately connected. This is why the Four Noble Truths provide a foundation for Buddhist practice
and liberation.
| -- from a teaching given in December 2003, Vancouver, B.C. |